Split nut separation system Patent

Split nut and bolt separation devic

Manual of industrial diamonds plus dressing and grinding criteria for machining superalloys

Manual combines the important and controlling factors for the proper selection and use of diamond stones for cutting and dressing grinding wheels. This manual is a compilation of empirical data and incorporates an original companion treatise on the physical descriptions of the diamond stones, their grading, and their applications

Standardization of computational experiments in unsteady turbulent boundary-layer flow

Numerical experiments are proposed as standard cases to be computed by all who plan to analyze unsteady turbulent boundary layer behavior. In this way, differences between the results obtained by various methods can be compared in a completely defined environment. The test cases range in difficulty from time relaxation study of the steady flow on a flat plate to the analysis of unsteady reversed flow. Initial and boundary conditions are fully defined for each case and representative outputs are presented. It is recommended that tabulated samples of computations of these test cases be published in a compendium of results

A review of unsteady turbulent boundary-layer experiments

The essential results of a comprehensive review of existing unsteady turbulent boundary-layer experiments are presented. Different types of unsteady flow facilities are described, and the related unsteady turbulent boundary-layer experiments are cataloged and discussed. The measurements that were obtained in the various experiments are described, and a complete list of experimental results is presented. All the experiments that measured instantaneous values of velocity, turbulence intensity, or turbulent shear stress are identified, and the availability of digital data is indicated. The results of the experiments are analyzed, and several significant trends are identified. An assessment of the available data is presented, delineating gaps in the existing data, and indicating where new or extended information is needed. Guidelines for future experiments are included

Content Analysis of General Practitioner Requested Lumbar Spine X-ray Reports

Aims and Background X-rays of patients with low back pain rarely show serious pathology but frequently reveal incidental age-related changes and always expose people to radiation. Patients who have X-rays are more satisfied but report worse pain and disability. Psychological factors such as illness beliefs,catastrophizing and fear avoidance have been shown to be predictors of chronicity/disability. Authorities suggest that the way X-ray information is transmitted and interpreted by patients may influence outcome, therefore this study was designed to determine the words used by radiologists to describe lumbar spine Xrays. Methods: 120 consecutive X-ray reports for patients referred by primary care physicians were anonymised. A formal summative content analysis was undertaken. The coded words were grouped into categories according to their perceived meaning, and the process was refined until there were only three mutually exclusive categories. Results: Half the sample was aged 60 years or younger. Three categories were identified: anatomical, pathological and descriptive. In the pathological category, 33% of words described normal appearances, 47% described age-related changes and 20% described other features. In only 2% of cases were pathological words used to describe conditions as being "normal for age". Overall, 89 (74%) of the 120 reports contained at least one phrase containing words indicating the presence of degenerative changes. Conclusions: Almost three-quarters of lumbar spine X-ray reports use pathological words such as 'degenerative changes' to describe age-related changes but rarely describe them as being "normal for age"

Prediction of boundary-layer characteristics of an oscillating airfoil

The evolution of unsteady boundary layers on oscillating airfoils is investigated by solving the governing equations by the Characteristic Box scheme. The difficulties associated with computing the first profile on a given time line, and the velocity profiles with partial flow reversal are solved. A sample calculation is performed for an external velocity distribution typical of those found near the leading edge of thin airfoils. The viability of the calculation procedure is demonstrated

Calculation of boundary layers near the stagnation point of an oscillating airfoil

The results of an investigation of boundary layers close to the stagnation point of an oscillating airfoil are reported. Two procedures for generating initial conditions, the characteristics box scheme and a quasi-static approach, were investigated, and the quasi-static approach was shown to be appropriate provided the initial region was far from any flow separation. With initial conditions generated in this way, the unsteady boundary layer equations were solved for the flow in the leading edge region of a NACA 0012 airfoil oscillating from 0 to 5 deg. Results were obtained for both laminar and turbulent flow, and, in the latter case, the effect of transition was assessed by specifying its occurrence at different locations. The results demonstrate the validity of the numerical scheme and suggest that the procedures should be applied to calculation of the entire flow around oscillating airfoils

Analysis of the development of dynamic stall based on oscillating airfoil experiments

The effects of dynamic stall on airfoils oscillating in pitch were investigated by experimentally determining the viscous and inviscid characteristics of the airflow on the NACA 0012 airfoil and on several leading-edge modifications. The test parameters included a wide range of frequencies, Reynolds numbers, and amplitudes-of-oscillation. Three distinct types of separation development were observed within the boundary layer, each leading to classical dynamic stall. The NACA 0012 airfoil is shown to stall by the mechanism of abrupt turbulent leading-edge separation. A detailed step-by-step analysis of the events leading to dynamic stall, and of the results of the stall process, is presented for each of these three types of stall. Techniques for flow analysis in the dynamic stall environment are discussed. A method is presented that reduces most of the oscillating airfoil normal force and pitching-moment data to a single curve, independent of frequency or Reynolds number

Dynamic stall experiments on the NACA 0012 airfoil

The flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil undergoing large oscillations in pitch was experimentally studied at a Reynolds number of and over a range of frequencies and amplitudes. Hot-wire probes and surface-pressure transducers were used to clarify the role of the laminar separation bubble, to delineate the growth and shedding of the stall vortex, and to quantify the resultant aerodynamic loads. In addition to the pressure distributions and normal force and pitching moment data that have often been obtained in previous investigations, estimates of the unsteady drag force during dynamic stall have been derived from the surface pressure measurements. Special characteristics of the pressure response, which are symptomatic of the occurrence and relative severity of moment stall, have also been examined